Snakes in Illinois: Prairie State Hissy Tales
Did you know that Illinois is home to a fascinating array of slithering reptiles? You might be surprised to learn that there are a whopping 51 different species of snakes calling the Land of Lincoln their home.
From the tiniest of threadsnakes to the impressively large Eastern ratsnake, there’s no shortage of diversity among our legless friends in this great state. Whether you’re an amateur herpetologist or just mildly curious, be prepared to be amazed!
So, without further ado, let’s dive right into this plethora of scaly wonders and uncover the fantastic variety of snakes you can find right here in Illinois. Happy herping!
# | Name | Details | Image |
1 | Black Kingsnake (Lampropeltis nigra) |
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2 | Black Rat Snake (Pantherophis obsoletus) |
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3 | Blue Racer (Coluber constrictor foxii) |
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4 | Bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi) |
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5 | Chicago Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus) |
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6 | Copperbelly Water Snake (Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta) |
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7 | Diamond-backed Water Snake (Nerodia rhombifer) |
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8 | Dusty Hognose Snake (Heterodon gloydi) |
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9 | Eastern coachwhip snake (Masticophis flagellum flagellum) |
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10 | Eastern Fox Snake (Pantherophis gloydi) |
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11 | Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) |
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12 | Eastern Hog-nosed Snake (Heterodon platirhinos) |
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13 | Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus) |
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14 | Eastern Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum) |
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15 | Eastern Ribbon Snake (Thamnophis sauritus sauritus) |
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16 | Flat-headed Snake (Tantilla gracilis) |
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17 | Graham’s Crayfish Snake (Regina grahamii) |
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18 | Gray Rat Snake (Pantherophis spiloides) |
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19 | Great Plains Rat Snake (Pantherophis emoryi) |
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20 | Kirtland’s Snake (Clonophis kirtlandii) |
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21 | Lined Snake (Tropidoclonion lineatum) |
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22 | Midland Brown Snake (Storeria dekayi wrightorum) |
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23 | Midland Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon pleuralis) |
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24 | MidWestern Wormsnake (Carphophis amoenus helenae) |
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25 | Mississippi Green Water Snake (Nerodia cyclopion) |
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26 | Mississippi Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus stictogenys) |
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27 | Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen) |
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28 | Northern Red-bellied Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata) |
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29 | Northern Ribbon Snake (Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis) |
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30 | Northern Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus edwardsii) |
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31 | Northern Scarlet Snake (Cemophora coccinea copei) |
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32 | Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon) |
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33 | Plain-bellied Watersnake (Nerodia erythrogaster) |
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34 | Plains Garter Snake (Thamnophis radix) |
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35 | Prairie Kingsnake (Lampropeltis calligaster) |
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36 | Prairie Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus arnyi) |
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37 | Queen Snake (Regina septemvittata) |
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38 | Red Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum syspila) |
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39 | Rough Green Snake (Opheodrys aestivus) |
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40 | Smooth Green Snake (Opheodrys vernalis) |
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41 | Southern Black Racer (Coluber constrictor priapus) |
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42 | Southern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) |
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43 | Southern Watersnake (Nerodia fasciata) |
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44 | Speckled Kingsnake (Lampropeltis holbrooki) |
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45 | Timber Rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) |
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46 | Western Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) |
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47 | Western Foxsnake (Pantherophis ramspotti) |
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48 | Western Mud Snake (Farancia abacura reinwardtii) |
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49 | Western Ribbonsnake (Thamnophis proximus) |
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50 | Western Smooth Earth Snake (Virginia valeriae elegans) |
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51 | Western Wormsnake (Carphophis vermis) |
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51 Snakes You Can Find in Illinois
In the state of Illinois, a fascinating array of serpents can be found slithering through its diverse landscapes. From venomous to harmless, each species has its unique story to tell. Below, we’ll explore the wonders of these often misunderstood creatures of Illinois, from their natural habitats and behaviors to the challenges they face in our changing world.
1. Black Kingsnake
- Scientific Name: Lampropeltis nigra
- Common Name: Black kingsnake
- Size: Up to 4 feet (1.2 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Woodlands, forests, and grasslands
- Color: Solid black with white speckles
- Habitat: Woodlands, forests, and grasslands
- Maximum Size: Up to 4 feet (1.2 meters)
- Diet: Mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 5-20
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Black Kingsnake (Lampropeltis nigra) is a non-venomous snake that can grow up to 4 feet (1.2 meters) long, featuring a solid black color with white speckles. Commonly found in woodlands, forests, and grasslands of Illinois, these nocturnal and terrestrial creatures have a diverse diet including mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds. They reproduce by laying eggs in clutches of 5-20. Currently, their conservation status is listed as least concern, indicating a stable population in the wild.
2. Black Rat Snake
- Scientific Name: Pantherophis obsoletus
- Common Name: Black rat snake
- Size: Up to 8 feet (2.4 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, grasslands, and urban areas
- Color: Black with faint dark blotches
- Habitat: Forests, grasslands, and urban areas
- Maximum Size: Up to 8 feet (2.4 meters)
- Diet: Rodents, birds, and eggs
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 5-30
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
Pantherophis obsoletus, commonly known as Black Rat Snake, can grow up to 8 feet (2.4 meters) long, with a black and dark-blotched coloring. These non-venomous reptiles inhabit forests, grasslands, and urban areas of Illinois, showcasing diurnal and semi-arboreal behavior. Their diet consists of rodents, birds, and eggs. Female Black Rat Snakes lay eggs in clutches of 5-30 during the reproduction season. Although not endangered, these snakes play an important role in controlling rodent populations.
3. Blue Racer
- Scientific Name: Coluber constrictor foxii
- Common Name: Blue racer
- Size: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Grassy or open habitats, including meadows, brushy areas, and woodland edges
- Color: Blue or greenish-blue
- Habitat: Grassy or open habitats, including meadows, brushy areas, and woodland edges
- Maximum Size: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters)
- Diet: Rodents, birds, insects, and other small animals
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 8-29
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Blue Racer (Coluber constrictor foxii), also known as the Eastern Racer, is a non-venomous snake found in grassy or open habitats, including meadows, brushy areas, and woodland edges. Measuring up to 5 feet (1.5 meters), it has a blue or greenish-blue coloration. Active during the day, the Blue Racer preys on rodents, birds, insects, and other small animals that are commonly found in Illinois. They reproduce by laying eggs in clutches of 8-29. The conservation status of this species is currently classified as “Least Concern.”
4. Bullsnake
- Scientific Name: Pituophis catenifer sayi
- Common Name: Bull snake
- Size: 4-6 feet (1.2-1.8 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Grasslands, deserts, woodlands, and agricultural areas
- Color: Brown or yellowish with dark blotches
- Habitat: Grasslands, deserts, woodlands, and agricultural areas
- Maximum Size: 4-6 feet (1.2-1.8 meters)
- Diet: Rodents, rabbits, ground-nesting birds, and eggs
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 5-22
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Bullsnake (Pituophis catenifer sayi), a non-venomous constrictor, measures 4-6 feet (1.2-1.8 meters) and exhibits a brown or yellowish color with dark blotches. Found in grasslands, deserts, woodlands, and agricultural areas, these diurnal and terrestrial snakes primarily feed on rodents, rabbits, ground-nesting birds, and eggs. During the reproduction, the female Bullsnake lays egg clutches ranging from 5-22. With a conservation status listed as “Least Concern”, the Bullsnake is not currently under threat in Illinois.
5. Chicago Garter Snake
- Scientific Name: Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus
- Common Name: Chicago garter snake
- Size: Up to 48 inches (1.22 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Wetlands, grasslands, woodlands, and urban areas
- Color: Green, brown or gray with longitudinal yellow stripes
- Habitat: Wetlands, grasslands, woodlands, and urban areas
- Maximum Size: Up to 48 inches (1.22 meters)
- Diet: Earthworms, frogs, toads, slugs, and small mammals
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 10-40
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Chicago Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis semifasciatus) is a non-venomous species reaching up to 48 inches (1.22 meters) in length. It boasts green, brown, or gray scales with striking yellow longitudinal stripes along its body. These diurnal and terrestrial creatures inhabit wetlands, grasslands, woodlands, and urban areas. Their diet consists of earthworms, frogs, toads, slugs, and small mammals. Reproduction involves laying eggs in clutches of 10-40. Its conservation status is currently classified as Least Concern.
6. Copperbelly Water Snake
- Scientific Name: Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta
- Common Name: Copperbelly water snake
- Size: Up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Wetland habitats, such as marshes, swamps, and ponds
- Color: Copper-red or orange on the belly, dark brown or black on the back
- Habitat: Wetland habitats, such as marshes, swamps, and ponds
- Maximum Size: Up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters)
- Diet: Fish and amphibians
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 10-30
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Threatened
Copperbelly Water Snake (Nerodia erythrogaster neglecta) is a non-venomous reptile that grows up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters) long. Sporting a distinctive copper-red or orange belly and dark brown or black back, this semi-aquatic, nocturnal snake inhabits wetland areas, such as marshes, swamps, and ponds. It primarily feeds on fish and amphibians. Copperbelly Water Snakes reproduce by laying eggs in clutches of 10-30. Currently, their conservation status is considered threatened.
7. Diamond-backed Water Snake
- Scientific Name: Nerodia rhombifer
- Common Name: Diamond-backed water snake
- Size: 30-48 inches (76-122 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Freshwater habitats, lakes, rivers, and swamps
- Color: Olive-green or brown with dark diamond patterns
- Habitat: Freshwater habitats, lakes, rivers, and swamps
- Maximum Size: 30-48 inches (76-122 cm)
- Diet: Fish, amphibians, and small reptiles
- Reproduction: Live birth, 13-60 young per litter
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Diamond-backed Water Snake (Nerodia rhombifer) is a non-venomous reptile measuring 30-48 inches (76-122 cm) in length. Its olive-green or brown skin features dark diamond patterns, providing excellent camouflage in its freshwater habitat which includes lakes, rivers, and swamps. As a diurnal and nocturnal creature, this adept swimmer mainly feeds on fish, amphibians, and small reptiles. The species reproduces through live birth, with each litter consisting of 13-60 young. Currently, it holds a conservation status of Least Concern.
8. Dusty Hognose Snake
- Scientific Name: Heterodon gloydi
- Common Name: Dusty hognose snake
- Size: 15-33 inches (38-84 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Sandhills, grasslands, and prairies
- Color: Grayish-brown with dark blotches
- Habitat: Sandhills, grasslands, and prairies
- Maximum Size: 15-33 inches (38-84 cm)
- Diet: Toads, frogs, and small reptiles
- Reproduction: Lay eggs, 4-23 per clutch
- Venom: Mild venom, rear-fanged, harmless to humans
- Conservation: Insufficient data, likely of least concern
The Dusty Hognose Snake (Heterodon gloydi) is a grayish-brown reptile measuring 15-33 inches (38-84 cm) in length, featuring dark blotches on its skin. Inhabiting sandhills, grasslands, and prairies, this diurnal snake is known for playing dead as a defense mechanism. Its diet consists of toads, frogs, and small reptiles. The Dusty Hognose Snake reproduces by laying eggs with 4-23 per clutch. Possessing mild venom with rear fangs, this species is harmless to humans. Although there is insufficient data about its conservation status, it is likely of least concern.
9. Eastern coachwhip snake
- Scientific Name: Masticophis flagellum flagellum
- Common Name: Eastern coachwhip snake
- Size: Up to 6 feet (1.8 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Various habitats, including woodlands, grasslands, and scrublands
- Color: Variable, typically black to brown with light gray or tan underside
- Habitat: Various habitats, including woodlands, grasslands, and scrublands
- Maximum Size: Up to 6 feet (1.8 meters)
- Diet: Lizards, rodents, birds, frogs, and insects
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 5-16
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Eastern Coachwhip Snake (Masticophis flagellum flagellum) is a non-venomous, fast-moving reptile that can grow up to 6 feet (1.8 meters) in length. Exhibiting a variable coloration, it typically appears as black to brown with a light gray or tan underside. This diurnal snake can be found in diverse habitats such as woodlands, grasslands, and scrublands. Its diet consists of lizards, rodents, birds, frogs, and insects. Reproducing by laying clutches of 5-16 eggs, the Eastern Coachwhip’s conservation status is currently classified as least concern.
10. Eastern Fox Snake
- Scientific Name: Pantherophis gloydi
- Common Name: Eastern fox snake
- Size: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Wetlands, meadows, and woodland edges
- Color: Yellowish or light brown with dark blotches
- Habitat: Wetlands, meadows, and woodland edges
- Maximum Size: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters)
- Diet: Rodents, birds, and eggs
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 8-27
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Eastern Fox Snake (Pantherophis gloydi) is a non-venomous reptile, reaching up to 5 feet (1.5 meters) in length. It has a yellowish or light brown color, adorned with dark blotches. Commonly found in wetlands, meadows, and woodland edges, this nocturnal and terrestrial creature feeds primarily on rodents, birds, and eggs. During the reproduction process, Eastern Fox Snakes lay eggs in clutches of 8-27. Though marked as “least concern” in conservation status, their survival is vital to maintaining ecological balance.
11. Eastern Garter Snake
- Scientific Name: Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis
- Common Name: Eastern garter snake
- Size: Up to 2-4.5 feet (0.6-1.4 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, grasslands, wetlands, and urban areas
- Color: Brown, green or gray with three yellow stripes
- Habitat: Forests, grasslands, wetlands, and urban areas
- Maximum Size: Up to 2-4.5 feet (0.6-1.4 meters)
- Diet: Earthworms, amphibians, fish, and small mammals
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 10-40
- Venom: Mildly venomous but harmless to humans
- Conservation: Least concern
The Eastern Garter Snake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) is a commonly found snake species that can grow up to 2-4.5 feet (0.6-1.4 meters) in length. It displays a brown, green, or gray coloration adorned with three yellow stripes. Inhabitants of forests, grasslands, wetlands and urban areas, these diurnal and terrestrial reptiles primarily feed on earthworms, amphibians, fish, and small mammals. Eastern Garter Snakes reproduce by laying 10-40 eggs per clutch, and although they are mildly venomous, their venom poses little risk to humans. They are currently classified under the least concern category in conservation status.
12. Eastern Hog-nosed Snake
- Scientific Name: Heterodon platirhinos
- Common Name: Eastern hog-nosed snake
- Size: 20-33 inches (51-84 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Woodlands, grasslands, and sandy areas
- Color: Highly variable, typically brown or gray with dark blotches
- Habitat: Woodlands, grasslands, and sandy areas
- Maximum Size: 20-33 inches (51-84 cm)
- Diet: Mostly toads, but also other amphibians and small mammals
- Reproduction: Lay eggs, 4-60 per clutch
- Venom: Mild venom, harmless to humans
- Conservation: Least concern
The Eastern Hog-nosed Snake (Heterodon platirhinos) is a moderately-sized serpent, reaching lengths of 20-33 inches (51-84 cm). Its coloration is highly variable, typically exhibiting brown or gray hues with dark blotches. Inhabiting woodlands, grasslands, and sandy areas, this diurnal snake is known for playing dead when threatened. Its diet mainly consists of toads, along with other amphibians and small mammals. It reproduces by laying 4-60 eggs per clutch, has mild venom harmless to humans, and is classified as of “Least Concern” in conservation efforts.
13. Eastern Massasauga
- Scientific Name: Sistrurus catenatus
- Common Name: Eastern massasauga
- Size: 18-30 inches (45-76 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Wetlands, grasslands, and forests
- Color: Gray or light brown with dark brown blotches
- Habitat: Wetlands, grasslands, and forests
- Maximum Size: 18-30 inches (45-76 cm)
- Diet: Small mammals, amphibians, and occasionally birds
- Reproduction: Give live birth to 5-20 young
- Venom: Venomous, but rarely fatal
- Conservation: Threatened
The Eastern Massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus), a gray or light brown rattlesnake with dark brown blotches, measures 18-30 inches (45-76 cm) in length. Found in wetlands, grasslands, and forests, it is solitary and adapts its behavior with temperatureódiurnal during cooler months and crepuscular or nocturnal in warmer months. Its diet consists of small mammals, amphibians, and sometimes birds. The snake reproduces by giving live birth to 5-20 offspring. While venomous, its bite is rarely fatal. It is currently considered a threatened species.
14. Eastern Milksnake
- Scientific Name: Lampropeltis triangulum
- Common Name: Eastern milksnake
- Size: Up to 3.9 feet (1.2 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, grasslands, farmlands, and rocky areas
- Color: Reddish-brown with y-shaped black-edged white bands
- Habitat: Forests, grasslands, farmlands, and rocky areas
- Maximum Size: Up to 3.9 feet (1.2 meters)
- Diet: Rodents, small birds, and reptiles
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 3-20
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Eastern Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum) is a non-venomous snake that grows up to 3.9 feet (1.2 meters) in length. It features a reddish-brown color adorned with Y-shaped black-edged white bands. Commonly found in forests, grasslands, farmlands, and rocky areas of Illinois, this nocturnal and terrestrial snake primarily consumes rodents, small birds, and reptiles. Eastern Milksnakes reproduce by laying egg clutches of 3-20. Currently, their conservation status is listed as least concern.
15. Eastern Ribbon Snake
- Scientific Name: Thamnophis sauritus sauritus
- Common Name: Eastern ribbon snake
- Size: 18-34 inches (45-86 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Wetlands, swamps, and marshes near water
- Color: Black, greenish, or brown with three distinct light stripes
- Habitat: Wetlands, swamps, and marshes near water
- Maximum Size: 18-34 inches (45-86 cm)
- Diet: Frogs, toads, small fish, and insects
- Reproduction: Lay 3-27 eggs, sometimes communal with other snakes
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Eastern Ribbon Snake, scientifically known as Thamnophis sauritus sauritus, is a non-venomous reptile measuring 18-34 inches (45-86 cm). It inhabits wetlands, swamps, and marshes near water and features a distinctive black, greenish, or brown color with three light stripes. Known for their daytime activity and skittish behavior, these snakes are excellent swimmers with a diet comprising frogs, toads, small fish, and insects. They reproduce by laying 3-27 eggs, sometimes communally with other snakes. Their conservation status is of least concern.
16. Flat-headed Snake
- Scientific Name: Tantilla gracilis
- Common Name: Flathead snake
- Size: 7-12 inches (18-30 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Grasslands, woodlands, and rocky areas
- Color: Brown or reddish-brown with black head and yellow neck band
- Habitat: Grasslands, woodlands, and rocky areas
- Maximum Size: 7-12 inches (18-30 cm)
- Diet: Centipedes and other small invertebrates
- Reproduction: Lay eggs, 1-3 per clutch
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Flat-headed Snake (Tantilla gracilis) is a small, non-venomous reptile measuring 7-12 inches in length. It sports a brown or reddish-brown body with a distinct black head and a yellow neck band. Native to grasslands, woodlands, and rocky areas, this nocturnal and secretive snake primarily feeds on centipedes and other small invertebrates. Flat-headed snakes reproduce by laying eggs, with each clutch consisting of 1-3 eggs. Currently, their conservation status is classified as least concern.
17. Graham’s Crayfish Snake
- Scientific Name: Regina grahamii
- Common Name: Graham’s crayfish snake
- Size: 18-42 inches (46-107 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Wetlands, lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams
- Color: Brown or olive-brown with dark spots
- Habitat: Wetlands, lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams
- Maximum Size: 18-42 inches (46-107 cm)
- Diet: Primarily crayfish, also small fish and amphibians
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 5-25
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
Regina grahamii, commonly known as Graham’s Crayfish Snake, is a non-venomous aquatic species that measures between 18-42 inches in length. Its brown or olive-brown coloration is marked with dark spots. This nocturnal and secretive snake inhabits wetlands, lakes, ponds, and slow-moving streams. Its primary diet consists of crayfish, supplemented by small fish and amphibians. The snake lays eggs in clutches of 5-25, and its conservation status is currently classified as “least concern.”
18. Gray Rat Snake
- Scientific Name: Pantherophis spiloides
- Common Name: Gray rat snake
- Size: Up to 6 feet (1.8 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, grasslands, and wetlands
- Color: Gray with dark brown or black blotches
- Habitat: Forests, grasslands, and wetlands
- Maximum Size: Up to 6 feet (1.8 meters)
- Diet: Rodents, birds, and eggs
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 6-25
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Gray Rat Snake (Pantherophis spiloides) is a non-venomous species that can grow up to 6 feet (1.8 meters) in length. These snakes are characterized by a grayish color and dark brown or black blotches scattered across their body. Their natural habitats include forests, grasslands, and wetlands, where they adopt a nocturnal, semi-arboreal lifestyle. The Gray Rat Snake primarily feeds on rodents, birds, and eggs, and reproduces by laying clutches of 6-25 eggs. Its conservation status is currently listed as least concern.
19. Great Plains Rat Snake
- Scientific Name: Pantherophis emoryi
- Common Name: Great plains rat snake
- Size: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Grasslands, prairies, and open woodlands
- Color: Gray or brown with dark blotches
- Habitat: Grasslands, prairies, and open woodlands
- Maximum Size: Up to 5 feet (1.5 meters)
- Diet: Rodents, birds, and eggs
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 5-20
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Great Plains Rat Snake (Pantherophis emoryi) is a non-venomous snake species that can reach up to 5 feet (1.5 meters) in length. They exhibit gray or brown coloring with dark blotches and inhabit grasslands, prairies, and open woodlands of Illinois. These snakes are primarily nocturnal and terrestrial, preying on rodents, birds, and eggs to maintain a healthy diet. Females lay eggs in clutches of 5-20, contributing to their conservation status of “least concern.”
20. Kirtland’s Snake
- Scientific Name: Clonophis kirtlandii
- Common Name: Kirtland’s snake
- Size: Up to 24 inches (60 centimeters)
- Natural Habitat: Wet meadows, prairies, marshes, and woodland edges
- Color: Gray or brown with red or orange belly and black spots
- Habitat: Wet meadows, prairies, marshes, and woodland edges
- Maximum Size: Up to 24 inches (60 centimeters)
- Diet: Earthworms, slugs, and snails
- Reproduction: Oviparous, laying clutches of about 3-11 eggs in late spring or early summer
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Near threatened
Kirtland’s Snake (Clonophis kirtlandii) is a non-venomous reptile that grows up to 24 inches in length. It has a gray or brown coloration with a red or orange belly adorned with black spots. This secretive, burrowing snake thrives in habitats such as wet meadows, prairies, marshes, and woodland edges. Primarily feeding on earthworms, slugs, and snails, Kirtland’s Snake is oviparous, laying clutches of 3-11 eggs during late spring or early summer. Currently, it holds a “near threatened” conservation status.
21. Lined Snake
- Scientific Name: Tropidoclonion lineatum
- Common Name: Lined snake
- Size: Up to 20 inches (51 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Grasslands, prairies, and urban areas
- Color: Gray or tan with dark stripes
- Habitat: Grasslands, prairies, and urban areas
- Maximum Size: Up to 20 inches (51 cm)
- Diet: Earthworms, slugs, and soft-bodied insects
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 2-12
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Lined Snake (Tropidoclonion lineatum) is a small, non-venomous species, growing up to 20 inches (51 cm). It has a gray or tan colored body with dark stripes, adapted to living in grasslands, prairies, and urban areas. Being nocturnal and fossorial, this reptile primarily feeds on earthworms, slugs, and soft-bodied insects. Lined Snakes reproduce by laying eggs in clutches of 2-12. With a conservation status of least concern, they remain a thriving species.
22. Midland Brown Snake
- Scientific Name: Storeria dekayi wrightorum
- Common Name: Midland brown snake
- Size: Up to 20 inches (50 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Grassy fields, forests, wetlands, and urban areas
- Color: Grayish-brown with dark brown or black neck spots
- Habitat: Grassy fields, forests, wetlands, and urban areas
- Maximum Size: Up to 20 inches (50 cm)
- Diet: Slugs, snails, and earthworms
- Reproduction: Lays 3-21 eggs
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Midland Brown Snake (Storeria dekayi wrightorum) is a small, non-venomous reptile measuring up to 20 inches in length. This grayish-brown snake features dark neck spots and thrives in grassy fields, forests, wetlands, and urban environments of Illinois. Secretive and terrestrial, they primarily consume slugs, snails, and earthworms. Their reproduction comprises laying 3-21 eggs at a time. The Midland Brown Snake is currently classified as being of least concern in conservation efforts.
23. Midland Water Snake
- Scientific Name: Nerodia sipedon pleuralis
- Common Name: Midland water snake
- Size: Up to 4.5 feet (1.4 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Aquatic habitats, such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams
- Color: Dark brown or reddish-brown with lighter banding
- Habitat: Aquatic habitats, such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams
- Maximum Size: Up to 4.5 feet (1.4 meters)
- Diet: Fish and amphibians
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 10-40
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Midland Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon pleuralis) is a semi-aquatic reptile that grows up to 4.5 feet (1.4 meters) and features a dark brown or reddish-brown color with lighter banding. Primarily nocturnal, they inhabit various aquatic environments, such as lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. Their diet consists of fish and amphibians, and they lay eggs in clutches of 10-40. Although non-venomous, they are often mistakenly identified as venomous species. Their conservation status is listed as least concern.
24. MidWestern Wormsnake
- Scientific Name: Carphophis amoenus helenae
- Common Name: Midwestern wormsnake
- Size: 8-11 inches (20-28 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Moist woodlands, fields, and forest edges
- Color: Shiny black or dark brown with pinkish-orange underside
- Habitat: Moist woodlands, fields, and forest edges
- Maximum Size: 8-11 inches (20-28 cm)
- Diet: Earthworms and soft-bodied insects
- Reproduction: Lays 1-8 eggs in late spring or early summer
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Midwestern Wormsnake (Carphophis amoenus helenae) is a small, non-venomous serpent, measuring 8-11 inches (20-28 cm) in length. Its shiny black or dark brown dorsal scales contrast with a vibrant pinkish-orange underside. This nocturnal species inhabits moist woodlands, fields, and forest edges, burrowing beneath the earth. Its diet primarily consists of earthworms and soft-bodied insects. The snake lays 1-8 eggs during late spring or early summer. With a conservation status of “least concern,” this snake’s population remains stable in its buzzing environment.
25. Mississippi Green Water Snake
- Scientific Name: Nerodia cyclopion
- Common Name: Mississippi green water snake
- Size: 30-45 inches (76-114 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Swamps, marshes, and slow-moving rivers
- Color: Dark green or brownish with dark bands, yellowish belly
- Habitat: Swamps, marshes, and slow-moving rivers
- Maximum Size: 30-45 inches (76-114 cm)
- Diet: Fish, amphibians, and other aquatic animals
- Reproduction: Live-bearing (viviparous)
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Mississippi Green Water Snake (Nerodia cyclopion) is a non-venomous, nocturnal, semiaquatic species measuring 30-45 inches in length. Sporting a dark green or brownish color with dark bands and a yellowish belly, this snake thrives in swamps, marshes, and slow-moving rivers. Its diet consists of fish, amphibians, and other aquatic animals. As a live-bearing (viviparous) reptile, it is classified as Least Concern in terms of conservation status.
26. Mississippi Ringneck Snake
- Scientific Name: Diadophis punctatus stictogenys
- Common Name: Mississippi ringneck snake
- Size: 10-15 inches (25-38 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, woodlands, and grasslands
- Color: Slate gray to black with a yellow to orange ring around the neck
- Habitat: Forests, woodlands, and grasslands
- Maximum Size: 10-15 inches (25-38 cm)
- Diet: Earthworms, slugs, small salamanders, and insects
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 3-10
- Venom: Weak venom, not dangerous to humans
- Conservation: Least concern
The Mississippi Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus stictogenys) is a small, nocturnal reptile measuring 10-15 inches (25-38 cm) in length. Its slate gray to black body features a distinctive yellow to orange neck ring. Favoring forests, woodlands, and grasslands, this secretive, burrow-dwelling snake primarily feeds on earthworms, slugs, small salamanders, and insects. Though it possesses weak venom, it poses no danger to humans. Mississippi Ringneck Snakes lay 3-10 eggs per clutch and are listed as a species of least concern for conservation.
27. Northern Copperhead
- Scientific Name: Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen
- Common Name: Northern copperhead
- Size: 24 to 36 inches (61 to 91 centimeters), sometimes reaching 4 feet (1.2 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Deciduous forests, mixed woodlands, rocky areas, and near streams
- Color: Copper-colored with dark brown bands
- Habitat: Deciduous forests, mixed woodlands, rocky areas, and near streams
- Maximum Size: 24 to 36 inches (61 to 91 centimeters), sometimes reaching 4 feet (1.2 meters)
- Diet: Small mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles
- Reproduction: Give birth to live young, 4-14 offspring per litter
- Venom: Venomous, but usually not fatal to humans
- Conservation: Least concern
The Northern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen) is a venomous snake found in deciduous forests, mixed woodlands, rocky areas, and near streams. It measures 24 to 36 inches (61 to 91 cm) in length, occasionally reaching 4 feet (1.2 meters). Copperheads are copper-colored and have dark brown bands on their bodies. These crepuscular ambush predators primarily prey on small mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. They reproduce by giving birth to live young, with 4-14 offspring per litter. Though venomous, their bites are usually not fatal to humans. Their conservation status is currently classified as “least concern.”
28. Northern Red-bellied Snake
- Scientific Name: Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata
- Common Name: Northern red-bellied snake
- Size: Up to 16 inches (40 centimeters)
- Natural Habitat: Deciduous forests, meadows, and wetlands
- Color: Gray or brown with a red or orange underside
- Habitat: Deciduous forests, meadows, and wetlands
- Maximum Size: Up to 16 inches (40 centimeters)
- Diet: Slugs, snails, and earthworms
- Reproduction: Live-bearing, producing 5-20 offspring
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Northern Red-bellied Snake (Storeria occipitomaculata occipitomaculata) is a small, non-venomous reptile native to the United States. Measuring up to 16 inches (40 centimeters) in length, this species is characterized by its gray or brown coloration with a distinctive red or orange underside. Inhabiting deciduous forests, meadows, and wetlands, the nocturnal, terrestrial creature feeds primarily on slugs, snails, and earthworms. It is live-bearing, giving birth to 5-20 offspring at a time. Currently, the Northern Red-bellied Snake is considered to be of least concern for conservation efforts.
29. Northern Ribbon Snake
- Scientific Name: Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis
- Common Name: Northern ribbon snake
- Size: 18-24 inches (46-61 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Wetlands, marshes, and swamps
- Color: Black or brown with yellow or white stripes
- Habitat: Wetlands, marshes, and swamps
- Maximum Size: 18-24 inches (46-61 cm)
- Diet: Small amphibians, fish, and insects
- Reproduction: Lays eggs in clutches of 3-12
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Northern Ribbon Snake (Thamnophis sauritus septentrionalis) is a non-venomous reptile measuring 18-24 inches (46-61 cm) long with a black or brown color and distinctive yellow or white stripes. Predominantly found residing in wetlands, marshes, and swamps of Illinois, these skilled swimmers are active during the day and feed on a diet of small amphibians, fish, and insects. Reproduction involves laying egg clutches ranging from 3 to 12. Although not threatened, they remain conserved under the “least concern” category of conservation status.
30. Northern Ringneck Snake
- Scientific Name: Diadophis punctatus edwardsii
- Common Name: Northern ringneck snake
- Size: 12-15 inches, rarely up to 24 inches
- Natural Habitat: Woodlands, rock outcrops, and grasslands
- Color: Gray or black with a distinctive yellow or orange ring around the neck
- Habitat: Woodlands, rock outcrops, and grasslands
- Maximum Size: 12-15 inches, rarely up to 24 inches
- Diet: Small invertebrates, slugs, earthworms, and small amphibians
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 3-10
- Venom: Mildly venomous, but harmless to humans
- Conservation: Least concern
The Northern Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus edwardsii) is a small, mildly venomous snake native to North America, measuring 12-15 inches in length, rarely reaching up to 24 inches. Its body color varies from gray to black and features a distinctive yellow or orange ring around its neck. The species inhabits woodlands, rock outcrops, and grasslands, exhibiting nocturnal, secretive, and terrestrial behavior. Its diet consists of small invertebrates, slugs, earthworms, and small amphibians. These snakes reproduce by laying egg clutches of 3-10 and pose no threat to humans. Their conservation status is listed as least concern.
31. Northern Scarlet Snake
- Scientific Name: Cemophora coccinea copei
- Common Name: Northern scarlet snake
- Size: 14-20 inches (36-51 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, woodlands, and grasslands
- Color: Red or orange with black-bordered white or yellow bands
- Habitat: Forests, woodlands, and grasslands
- Maximum Size: 14-20 inches (36-51 cm)
- Diet: Reptile eggs, lizards, and small snakes
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 3-9
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Northern Scarlet Snake (Cemophora coccinea copei) is a non-venomous, nocturnal reptile, measuring 14-20 inches (36-51 cm). Their vibrant red or orange color is highlighted by black-bordered white or yellow bands. Inhabiting forests, woodlands, and grasslands, they are known for their burrowing behavior. The diet of this species comprises reptile eggs, lizards, and small snakes. Female Northern Scarlet Snakes lay eggs in clutches of 3-9, and their conservation status is currently listed as least concern.
32. Northern Water Snake
- Scientific Name: Nerodia sipedon
- Common Name: Northern water snake
- Size: Up to 4.5 feet (1.4 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Aquatic habitats, such as rivers, lakes, ponds, and marshes
- Color: Brown or gray with dark bands or blotches
- Habitat: Aquatic habitats, such as rivers, lakes, ponds, and marshes
- Maximum Size: Up to 4.5 feet (1.4 meters)
- Diet: Fish, amphibians, and invertebrates
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 10-30
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Northern Water Snake (Nerodia sipedon) is a non-venomous reptile that can grow up to 4.5 feet (1.4 meters) in length. It is characterized by its brown or gray color with dark bands or blotches. This nocturnal and semi-aquatic species can be found in a variety of aquatic habitats, including rivers, lakes, ponds, and marshes. Its diet consists of fish, amphibians, and invertebrates. Northern Water Snakes reproduce by laying eggs in clutches of 10-30, and currently have a conservation status of least concern.
33. Plain-bellied Watersnake
- Scientific Name: Nerodia erythrogaster
- Common Name: Plain-bellied watersnake
- Size: 24-40 inches (61-102 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands
- Color: Olive, brown, or gray with a yellow, orange, or red unmarked belly
- Habitat: Rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands
- Maximum Size: 24-40 inches (61-102 cm)
- Diet: Fish, frogs, and other amphibians
- Reproduction: Live-bearing; 5-29 offspring per litter
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Plain-bellied Watersnake (Nerodia erythrogaster) is a semi-aquatic, non-venomous snake measuring 24-40 inches (61-102 cm) in length. It features an olive, brown, or gray coloration with a distinct yellow, orange, or red unmarked belly. As adept swimmers, they inhabit rivers, lakes, ponds, and wetlands, with diurnal behavior. Their diet primarily consists of fish, frogs, and other amphibians. These snakes are live-bearing, producing 5-29 offspring per litter. Currently, their conservation status is of least concern.
34. Plains Garter Snake
- Scientific Name: Thamnophis radix
- Common Name: Plains garter snake
- Size: 16-28 inches (41-71 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Grasslands, wetlands, and areas near water sources
- Color: Brown or gray with yellow or orange stripes
- Habitat: Grasslands, wetlands, and areas near water sources
- Maximum Size: 16-28 inches (41-71 cm)
- Diet: Earthworms, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates
- Reproduction: Live-bearing; 6-80 offspring per litter
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Plains Garter Snake (Thamnophis radix) is a non-venomous reptile characterized by its brown or gray color with yellow or orange stripes. Typically measuring 16-28 inches (41-71 cm) in length, it thrives in grasslands, wetlands, and areas near water sources. These diurnal, semi-aquatic snakes are known for their swimming prowess. They feed primarily on earthworms, amphibians, fish, and invertebrates. Mating results in live births, producing 6-80 offspring per litter. Currently, their conservation status is of least concern.
35. Prairie Kingsnake
- Scientific Name: Lampropeltis calligaster
- Common Name: Prairie kingsnake
- Size: 30-42 inches (76-107 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Grasslands, farmlands, and woodlands
- Color: Gray or light brown with dark blotches
- Habitat: Grasslands, farmlands, and woodlands
- Maximum Size: 30-42 inches (76-107 cm)
- Diet: Rodents, birds, lizards, and amphibians
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 5-17
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Prairie Kingsnake (Lampropeltis calligaster) is a non-venomous reptile that measures 30-42 inches (76-107cm) in length. It has a gray or light brown color, adorned with dark blotches. Commonly found in grasslands, farmlands, and woodlands, Prairie Kingsnakes are terrestrial and nocturnal by nature. Their diet includes rodents, birds, lizards, and amphibians. During reproduction, they lay clutches containing 5-17 eggs. Currently, the Prairie Kingsnake’s conservation status is listed as least concern.
36. Prairie Ringneck Snake
- Scientific Name: Diadophis punctatus arnyi
- Common Name: Prairie ringneck snake
- Size: 10-15 inches (25-38 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Prairies, grasslands, and woodlands
- Color: Gray or olive with a yellow or orange ring around the neck
- Habitat: Prairies, grasslands, and woodlands
- Maximum Size: 10-15 inches (25-38 cm)
- Diet: Earthworms, slugs, small salamanders, and insects
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 3-10
- Venom: Weak venom, not dangerous to humans
- Conservation: Least concern
The Prairie Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus arnyi) is a small reptile measuring 10-15 inches (25-38 cm) in length, characterized by its gray or olive coloring and distinctive yellow or orange ring around its neck. These snakes are native to prairies, grasslands, and woodlands, leading a predominantly nocturnal, secretive, and burrow-dwelling lifestyle. Their diet consists of earthworms, slugs, small salamanders, and insects. They lay eggs in clutches of 3-10 and possess weak venom which poses no threat to humans. Currently, their conservation status is listed as “least concern.”
37. Queen Snake
- Scientific Name: Regina septemvittata
- Common Name: Queen snake
- Size: Up to 3 feet (0.9 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Streams, creeks, and other aquatic environments
- Color: Olive, brown or gray with three stripes and cream or yellowish belly
- Habitat: Streams, creeks, and other aquatic environments
- Maximum Size: Up to 3 feet (0.9 meters)
- Diet: Crayfish and other small aquatic invertebrates
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 4-14
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Queen Snake (Regina septemvittata) is a non-venomous reptile growing up to 3 feet (0.9 meters) in length. Often sporting olive, brown, or gray coloration, this snake displays three distinctive stripes and a yellowish belly. It thrives in aquatic habitats such as streams and creeks, and is highly active during the day. Queen Snakes primarily feed on crayfish and other small aquatic invertebrates. They lay eggs in clutches of 4-14, and currently face no significant conservation threats.
38. Red Milksnake
- Scientific Name: Lampropeltis triangulum syspila
- Common Name: Red milksnake
- Size: Up to 40 inches (1 meter)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, grasslands, farmlands, and rocky slopes
- Color: Red or reddish-pink with black-bordered white bands
- Habitat: Forests, grasslands, farmlands, and rocky slopes
- Maximum Size: Up to 40 inches (1 meter)
- Diet: Rodents, lizards, and bird eggs
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 4-14
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Red Milksnake (Lampropeltis triangulum syspila) is a non-venomous snake that can grow up to 40 inches (1 meter) in length. They exhibit a striking red or reddish-pink color, adorned with black-bordered white bands. Commonly found in forests, grasslands, farmlands, and rocky slopes, these nocturnal and secretive creatures mainly consume rodents, lizards, and bird eggs. Reproduction involves laying eggs in clutches of 4-14. With a conservation status of “Least concern,” Red Milksnakes are not currently endangered.
39. Rough Green Snake
- Scientific Name: Opheodrys aestivus
- Common Name: Rough green snake
- Size: 22-32 inches (56-81 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, grasslands, and areas near water sources
- Color: Bright green with a lighter belly
- Habitat: Forests, grasslands, and areas near water sources
- Maximum Size: 22-32 inches (56-81 cm)
- Diet: Insects and spiders
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 3-12
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Rough Green Snake (Opheodrys aestivus) is a vibrant, non-venomous reptile that measures between 22-32 inches (56-81 cm) in length. Its dazzling bright green coloration is accentuated by a lighter belly, making it well-camouflaged in its preferred habitats of forests, grasslands, and areas near water sources. Known for their diurnal, arboreal behavior, these skillful climbers of Illinois primarily consume insects and spiders. Rough Green Snakes reproduce by laying clutches of 3-12 eggs, and their conservation status is currently classified as least concern.
40. Smooth Green Snake
- Scientific Name: Opheodrys vernalis
- Common Name: Smooth green snake
- Size: 14-20 inches (36-51 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Grasslands, meadows, and open woodlands
- Color: Bright green with a lighter belly
- Habitat: Grasslands, meadows, and open woodlands
- Maximum Size: 14-20 inches (36-51 cm)
- Diet: Insects and spiders
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 3-12
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Smooth Green Snake (Opheodrys vernalis) measures 14-20 inches (36-51 cm) and is characterized by its vibrant green color and lighter belly. Commonly found in grasslands, meadows, and open woodlands, this diurnal and terrestrial reptile is an adept climber. Its diet mainly consists of insects and spiders. In terms of reproduction, they lay eggs in clutches of 3-12. Though non-venomous, these snakes should be admired from afar. Fortunately, their conservation status is currently listed as ‘Least Concern.’
41. Southern Black Racer
- Scientific Name: Coluber constrictor priapus
- Common Name: Southern black racer
- Size: Up to 6 feet (1.8 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Various habitats, including forests, grasslands, and urban areas
- Color: Black with a white or gray chin and throat
- Habitat: Various habitats, including forests, grasslands, and urban areas
- Maximum Size: Up to 6 feet (1.8 meters)
- Diet: Rodents, frogs, lizards, birds, and insects
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 10-30
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Southern Black Racer (Coluber constrictor priapus) is a striking, non-venomous snake averaging around 6 feet in length. Its sleek, black body contrasts with a white or gray chin and throat, allowing it to blend into various habitats like forests, grasslands, and urban areas. These diurnal, swift reptiles feed on rodents, frogs, lizards, birds, and insects. They reproduce by laying eggs in clutches of 10-30, contributing to their conservation status of least concern.
42. Southern Copperhead
- Scientific Name: Agkistrodon contortrix
- Common Name: Southern copperhead
- Size: Up to 3 feet (0.9 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, swamps, and grasslands
- Color: Reddish-brown or coppery with dark bands
- Habitat: Forests, swamps, and grasslands
- Maximum Size: Up to 3 feet (0.9 meters)
- Diet: Small mammals, birds, frogs, and insects
- Reproduction: Live-bearing, giving birth to 1-14 young
- Venom: Venomous, but rarely fatal to humans
- Conservation: Least concern
The Southern Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) is a venomous snake species found in forests, swamps, and grasslands. Measuring up to 3 feet (0.9 meters) in length, this snake has a reddish-brown or coppery color with distinct dark bands. As a nocturnal and terrestrial creature, its diet consists of small mammals, birds, frogs, and insects. The Southern Copperhead is live-bearing, producing 1-14 offspring per litter. While its venom is rarely fatal to humans, it is a species of least concern in terms of conservation.
43. Southern Watersnake
- Scientific Name: Nerodia fasciata
- Common Name: Southern watersnake
- Size: Up to 4 feet (1.2 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Aquatic habitats, including swamps, marshes, and rivers
- Color: Gray or brown with dark bands
- Habitat: Aquatic habitats, including swamps, marshes, and rivers
- Maximum Size: Up to 4 feet (1.2 meters)
- Diet: Fish, frogs, and small mammals
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 10-30
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Southern Watersnake (Nerodia fasciata) is a semi-aquatic, nocturnal reptile, growing up to 4 feet (1.2 meters) in length. It has a gray or brown coloration with dark bands and thrives in aquatic habitats such as swamps, marshes, and rivers of Illinois. This non-venomous snake primarily feeds on fish, frogs, and small mammals. Reproducing through laying egg clutches of 10-30, the Southern Watersnake has a conservation status of “least concern” due to its widespread and stable population.
44. Speckled Kingsnake
- Scientific Name: Lampropeltis holbrooki
- Common Name: Speckled kingsnake
- Size: Up to 4 feet (1.2 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, grasslands, and scrublands
- Color: Tan or light brown with dark brown or black speckles
- Habitat: Forests, grasslands, and scrublands
- Maximum Size: Up to 4 feet (1.2 meters)
- Diet: Small mammals, birds, and reptiles
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 4-12
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Speckled Kingsnake (Lampropeltis holbrooki) is a non-venomous reptile that grows up to 4 feet in length. Sporting a tan or light brown color with dark brown or black speckles, this snake dwells in forests, grasslands, and scrublands. As a diurnal and terrestrial creature, it preys on small mammals, birds, and reptiles during the day. Speckled Kingsnakes reproduce by laying eggs in clutches of 4-12, and are currently categorized as least concern in terms of conservation status.
45. Timber Rattlesnake
- Scientific Name: Crotalus horridus
- Common Name: Timber rattlesnake
- Size: Up to 6 feet (1.8 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, mixed woodlands, and rocky hillsides
- Color: Yellow, brown, gray, or black with dark bands
- Habitat: Forests, mixed woodlands, and rocky hillsides
- Maximum Size: Up to 6 feet (1.8 meters)
- Diet: Rodents, birds, and small mammals
- Reproduction: Viviparous, giving birth to 4-14 live young
- Venom: Hemotoxic venom
- Conservation: Least concern
The Timber Rattlesnake, scientifically known as Crotalus horridus, is a solitary, ambush predator that can grow up to 6 feet (1.8 meters) in length. It comes in various colors, including yellow, brown, gray, or black with dark bands, and inhabits forests, mixed woodlands, and rocky hillsides. Its diet consists of rodents, birds, and small mammals. Unlike most snakes, the Timber Rattlesnake is viviparous, giving birth to 4-14 live young. It possesses hemotoxic venom, and its conservation status is currently listed as least concern.
46. Western Cottonmouth
- Scientific Name: Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma
- Common Name: Western cottonmouth
- Size: Up to 3.5 feet (1.06 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, swamps, and marshes near bodies of water
- Color: Dark brown or black with faint banding
- Habitat: Forests, swamps, and marshes near bodies of water
- Maximum Size: Up to 3.5 feet (1.06 meters)
- Diet: Fish, frogs, small mammals, birds, and other snakes
- Reproduction: Ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young in broods of 1-16
- Venom: Venomous, cytotoxic venom with the potential to be dangerous to humans
- Conservation: Least concern
The Western Cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus leucostoma) is a venomous snake native to the southern United States. Growing up to 3.5 feet (1.06 meters) long, it has a dark brown or black coloration with faint banding. These snakes inhabit forests, swamps, and marshes close to water sources and are primarily nocturnal. They display aggressive behavior when threatened and feed on fish, frogs, small mammals, birds, and other snakes. As ovoviviparous creatures, they give birth to live young in broods of 1-16. Their cytotoxic venom can be dangerous to humans, but they have a conservation status of least concern.
47. Western Foxsnake
- Scientific Name: Pantherophis ramspotti
- Common Name: Western foxsnake
- Size: 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Grasslands, woodlands, and farmlands
- Color: Light brown to golden brown with dark brown to black blotches
- Habitat: Grasslands, woodlands, and farmlands
- Maximum Size: 3 to 5 feet (0.9 to 1.5 meters)
- Diet: Rodents, birds, and bird eggs
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 10-20
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Western Foxsnake (Pantherophis ramspotti) is a non-venomous snake species typically measuring 3 to 5 feet in length. Its coloration ranges from light brown to golden brown and is adorned with dark brown to black blotches. Commonly found in grasslands, woodlands, and farmlands, these snakes are mainly nocturnal and exhibit excellent climbing abilities. Their diet consists of rodents, birds, and bird eggs. Western Foxsnakes reproduce by laying eggs in clutches of 10 to 20, and their conservation status is listed as Least Concern.
48. Western Mud Snake
- Scientific Name: Farancia abacura reinwardtii
- Common Name: Western mud snake
- Size: Up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters)
- Natural Habitat: Swamps, marshes, and slow-moving streams
- Color: Black or dark brown with red or pink belly
- Habitat: Swamps, marshes, and slow-moving streams
- Maximum Size: Up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters)
- Diet: Fish, amphibians, and eel-like animals
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 4-24
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Western Mud Snake (Farancia abacura reinwardtii) is a non-venomous, nocturnal species that can grow up to 4.5 feet (1.37 meters) in length. It has a striking appearance, featuring a black or dark brown coloration with a red or pink belly. These secretive creatures thrive in swamps, marshes, and slow-moving streams, where they primarily feed on fish, amphibians, and eel-like animals. Their reproduction involves laying egg clutches consisting of 4-24 eggs. As of now, their conservation status is listed as least concern.
49. Western Ribbonsnake
- Scientific Name: Thamnophis proximus
- Common Name: Western ribbonsnake
- Size: 18-30 inches (46-76 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Semi-aquatic habitats, wetlands, marshes, and grasslands near water
- Color: Black or dark brown with three bright yellow or white stripes
- Habitat: Semi-aquatic habitats, wetlands, marshes, and grasslands near water
- Maximum Size: 18-30 inches (46-76 cm)
- Diet: Fish, frogs, and tadpoles
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 3-26
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Western Ribbonsnake (Thamnophis proximus) is a slender reptile measuring 18-30 inches (46-76 cm) in length, characterized by its black or dark brown coloration adorned with three bright yellow or white stripes. Commonly found in semi-aquatic habitats such as wetlands, marshes, and grasslands near water, this diurnal creature is a swift swimmer, preying primarily on fish, frogs, and tadpoles. The non-venomous species reproduces by laying egg clutches of 3-26, and has a conservation status of ‘Least Concern’.
50. Western Smooth Earth Snake
- Scientific Name: Virginia valeriae elegans
- Common Name: Western smooth earth snake
- Size: Up to 13 inches (33 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Forests, fields, and wetlands
- Color: Brown or gray with light spots
- Habitat: Forests, fields, and wetlands
- Maximum Size: Up to 13 inches (33 cm)
- Diet: Earthworms and small insects
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 2-9
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Western Smooth Earth Snake (Virginia valeriae elegans) is a small, non-venomous species, reaching up to 13 inches (33 cm) in length. They exhibit brown or gray coloration with light spots. These fossorial and nocturnal creatures reside in forests, fields, and wetlands, primarily feeding on earthworms and small insects. The species reproduces by laying eggs in clutches of 2-9. With a conservation status of “Least Concern,” these snakes do not currently face significant threats.
51. Western Wormsnake
- Scientific Name: Carphophis vermis
- Common Name: Western wormsnake
- Size: Up to 14 inches (35.5 cm)
- Natural Habitat: Deciduous forests, grasslands, and suburban areas with moist soil
- Color: Brown to black on the back and pink or light brown on the belly
- Habitat: Deciduous forests, grasslands, and suburban areas with moist soil
- Maximum Size: Up to 14 inches (35.5 cm)
- Diet: Earthworms and other soft-bodied invertebrates
- Reproduction: Lay eggs in clutches of 1-8
- Venom: Non-venomous
- Conservation: Least concern
The Western Wormsnake (Carphophis vermis) is a non-venomous, small-sized reptile reaching up to 14 inches (35.5 cm) in length. It exhibits a distinct color pattern of brown-to-black on its back and pink or light brown on its belly. Inhabiting deciduous forests, grasslands, and moist suburban areas, this elusive, nocturnal creature primarily burrows underground and feeds on earthworms and soft-bodied invertebrates. Western Wormsnakes lay small egg clutches (1-8) and have a conservation status of Least Concern.
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Final Words
All the 51 snakes have truly opened our eyes to the fascinating world of snakes found in Illinois. Who knew there were so many different types of these slithering reptiles, each with their own unique characteristics and habitats?
Not only did we get a chance to learn about some of the more common and well-known species, but we also delved into the lesser-known and often misunderstood ones.
So, the next time you’re out and about in Illinois, keep an eye out for these incredible creatures, and let’s continue to appreciate and protect the diverse wildlife that makes our world so interesting!